4. Nhận diện & thành lập danh từ (hậu tố)
Danh từ thường tận cùng bằng: -ment, -ance/-ence, -ion/-ation, -ure, -er, -or, -ist, -ress, -ness, -ant, -ee, -ledge, -ity, -y, -ty, -age, -cy, -dom, -ism, -hood, -th, -ship, -al.
| Gốc | Hậu tố | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| Động từ | -ment, -ance/-ence, -ion/-ation, -age, -al, -ing | develop → development; perform → performance; depend → dependence; invent → invention; marry → marriage; survive → survival; train → training |
| -er / -or (người làm) | employ → employer; act → actor; survive → survivor | |
| -ee (người được/bị) | employ → employee; interview → interviewee | |
| -ant, -ist, -ar, -ress | assist → assistant; type → typist; lie → liar; act → actress; wait → waitress | |
| -ledge | know → knowledge | |
| Tính từ | -ness, -ity, -y, -ty, -cy, -age | rich → richness; polite → politeness; able → ability; responsible → responsibility; honest → honesty; certain → certainty; proficient → proficiency; short → shortage |
| -dom, -ism, -th | free → freedom; social → socialism; warm → warmth; wide → width | |
| Danh từ | -hood, -ship, -ism | child → childhood; neighbor → neighborhood; friend → friendship; member → membership; terror → terrorism |
Trong bài word form, sau a/an/the, tính từ sở hữu (my, his…), tính từ, giới từ → thường cần danh từ. VD: a deeper understanding (không phải understand).